BLOG

A mm-Wave Circulator with High Transmitter and Receiver Isolation Circulators are used in transmit/receive systems to allow a transmitter and receiver to share a common antenna. A circulator schematic is shown in Figure 1, with typical connections for the transmitter (Tx), receiver (Rx), and antenna (Ant). Figure 1 – Schematic for a circulator showing transmitter (Tx), antenna (Ant), and receiver (Rx) connections. The most common [...]

Are Faraday Rotation Isolators Sensitive to Magnetic Fields? Some Faraday rotation isolators are very sensitive to magnetic fields while others show almost no sensitivity at all. It depends on the magnetic bias point. Faraday rotation isolators employ a magnetically biased ferrite rod. An internal magnet or an array of magnets is used to bias the ferrite. The applied magnetic field aligns magnetic dipoles in the [...]

Do mm-Wave Power Amplifiers Need Isolators? The answer to the question is often yes. It is common to see a mm-wave power amplifier with an isolator attached to the output port. The reason may have less to do with the impedance matching of the amplifier and more with the impedance matching of the load. The amplifier may perform well when connected to a well-matched load [...]

Radiation Testing of Micro Harmonics Isolators Space exploration has always pushed the boundaries of technology, requiring instruments that can withstand the harsh conditions beyond Earth’s atmosphere. One of the critical factors that must be considered when designing space-based instruments, such as isolators, is their ability to endure the effects of radiation, particularly the Total Ionizing Dose (TID). What is Total Ionizing Dose (TID)? TID is [...]

Multipaction Analysis for Millimeter-Wave Isolators and Hybrid Circulators Multipaction [1, 2] is a phenomenon occurring primarily in RF systems operating in a vacuum such as those found on space-based platforms. RF fields accelerate charged particles (electrons) which gain energy and collide with surfaces. If the impact energy is sufficient, additional electrons are released from the surface. The newly released electrons can, in turn, be accelerated [...]

Why Are Y-Junction Circulators Difficult to Find Above 100 GHz Y-junction circulators are used to direct signal flow in millimeter-wave (MMW) transmit and receive systems. At the heart of the device is a ferrite core located at the junction of three waveguides. The magnetically biased ferrite is non-reciprocal which gives rise to the unique circulator behavior. Commercial circulators with full waveguide band operation are available [...]